Alternative Dispute Resolution World Perspective †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Alternative Dispute Resolution World Perspective. Answer: Presentation Agreement can be characterized as a guarantee attempted in which one side of the gathering vows to pay the thought and in return of this the other party embraces the errand which has been guaranteed under the agreement. For making any agreement, there is a need to set up the presence of specific components and these incorporate an offer, its acknowledgment, estimation of thought, ability to contract, clearness of terms and the expectation of making an agreement. On the off chance that the guarantee made under the agreement isn't satisfied, a penetrate of agreement happens (Mulcahy, 2008). At the point when such occurs, the gatherings could settle on case, or understand the debate through Alternative Dispute Redressal (ADR) strategies. In the up and coming fragments, the conversation has been carried on these very issues. For this situation, the primary issue is whether an agreement had been properly made for this situation and where it was, between which specific gatherings was it done. The absolute first necessity in shaping the agreement is an offer, wherein one gathering hosts to offer the other get-together a few terms. It is significant that a separation has been made between an offer and an attempted greeting to treat. Greeting to treat shows that the gatherings need to start the exchanges, though the offer shows that the gatherings need to make legitimate relationship (Roach, 2016). The separation between the two can become significant with regards to the distributed promotions. Where the distributed ad covers a one-sided offer, which can be acknowledged by performing on the standing of such distributed promotion, it is a proposal as was seen in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256. Be that as it may, all in all this isn't the situation and the distributed promotion are esteemed as greeting to treat as was found in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 (Latimer, 2012). When the offer hosts been made by one get-together, similar should be given an unequivocal acknowledgment by the gathering to which the offer had been made. Further, it is urgent that the offer is acknowledged in the specific way as it was made, and if the equivalent is changed or modified, rather than being an acknowledgment, it would turn into a counter offer. When that occurs, Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 gives that the first offer terminates (Marson Ferris, 2015). Likewise, quiet can't be regarded as substantial acknowledgment according to Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J35 (Andrews, 2015). The date of acknowledgment is a vital component in acknowledgment and is taken to be the date on which the acknowledgment arrives at the contribution party. However, a significant exemption to this standard is secured under the postal principles of acknowledgment. According to these standards, the date on which the letter of acknowledgment is posted, is to be taken as the date of acknowledgment. The basis for maintaining the legitimacy originates from the way that the postal office is given the situation of being the inferred specialist of the gathering which advertised. Also, in such cases, the date on which the letter really arrives at the contribution party stays unimportant. The nearness of acknowledgment was built up in Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 because of postal standards of acknowledgment (Gibson Fraser, 2013). The third key prerequisite under the agreement arrangement is for the agreement to have substantial thought. It could be anything insofar as it has a financial worth (Treitel Peel, 2015). The three coverings were acknowledged as the legitimate thought by the court in Chappel Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 because of the condition precent, consequently maintaining the legitimacy of agreement (E-Law Resources, 2017). There is a need to show that the gatherings had the ability to go into legitimate connection. In such manner, the gatherings must have the lawful age and furthermore solid brain for going into the agreement (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). The gatherings need to have the expectation of making legal relations, which draws in legitimate obligation and lawful risk (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). The particulars of the agreement host to be obvious to contracting gatherings, as they offer ascent to various rights and liabilities for the gatherings (Paterson, Robertson Duke, 2012). From the contextual analysis given here, it turns out to be evident that an offer had been made by Alan through his FB post of November 01st. The purpose behind regarding it as offer stems from the appropriateness of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, since it could be acknowledged by following through on the asked cost, which would be considered as acknowledgment by execution. The answer of Bernard, on the FB post of Alan would be regarded as a counter proposal as the particulars of the first offer were changed, and dependent on Hyde v. Wrench the first FB offer was dropped for Bernard. This counter offer was dismissed by Alan and the first terms were offered once more. By posting the cash, this offer was acknowledged by Bernard. Also, the acknowledgment date here would be November 04th because of the materialness of the postal principles. This can likewise be built up from the way that Bernard had approached Alan to pay special mind to the cash. As there is nothing in opposition to show that different components of agreement arrangement were absent, an agreement would be esteemed to have been shaped among Alan and Bernard. The offer had been made uniquely to the understudies of Kaplan and companions of Alan. As Charleen was none of these, an agreement was not made here. In the event that the correspondence of Charleen is considered as an offer, Alan stayed quiet on it so an acknowledgment was not accomplished based on Felthouse v Bindley thus, here additionally an agreement was not framed. The offer had been made to Damien based on him being an understudy of Kaplan. By giving over the money, he additionally acknowledged the offer. The date of acknowledgment here comes later than that of Bernard as Damiens acknowledgment was accomplished on November 04th night. Thus, an agreement was additionally shaped among Damien and Alan. As has been expressed in the basic fragment, the non-satisfaction of the guarantee made in the agreement is regarded as a penetrate of agreement. When such occurs, the abused party can apply for money related harms or could likewise decide on impartial cures, for example, directive request or a request for explicit execution (Latimer, 2012). At the point when an individual offers a bogus expression during the exchanges of an agreement, just to initiate the other party into the agreement development, it is esteemed as distortion and this gives the choice to the wronged party to get the agreement repealed as nearness of deception makes the agreement voidable (Latimer, 2012). For this situation, Alan needed to offer the book to Bernard which he accomplished from college, alongside the written by hand notes. However, this guarantee was not satisfied as the manually written notes were not given to him. This would permit Bernard to start an instance of break of agreement and look for remuneration from Alan and furthermore, apply for explicit execution or order whereby Alan could be approached to give the written by hand notes to Bernard or be halted from giving the equivalent to Damien. An instance of deception can likewise be made as the bogus articulation was made by Alan to initiate Bernard into the agreement. For this situation, the guarantee made by Alan to Damien was not maintained as he was not given the book which was guaranteed in the offer and rather had been given a book which had been brought from the store. Consequently, Damien can sue Alan for breaking the agreement and guarantee financial remuneration and directive request to prevent Alan from offering the guaranteed book to Bernard or look for explicit order, to constrain Alan to offer the book to him. What's more, he can likewise make a case of deception as he was additionally offered a bogus expression to by Alan. The most well known strategy for ADR is discretion in which the gatherings to the question generally spread in the agreements, that if there should be an occurrence of a debate the assertion is the technique which must be utilized to fathom the contest. Under this technique, the gatherings to the question select an odd number of referees, i.e., one or three. On the off chance that the gatherings can't choose one referee, each gathering picked one authority and these two judges commonly picked a third mediator. There are various points of interest of picking this strategy as the expenses of suits are spared in this technique. Additionally, the assertion grant hosts to be trailed by the gatherings yet the drawback which is available here is that for exacting requirement of the mediation grant, a court request is required. However, upon the assertion grant being attested by court, it must be followed carefully (Fiadjoe, 2013). Pacification is another strategy under the ADR wherein the conciliator meets each gathering independently and makes endeavors to comprehend the current question. There are once more, various focal points of this strategy, which incorporates that the gatherings can propose the conceivable answer for the contest and can consent to the specific arrangement; there is additionally less possibility of harming the connection between the two gatherings as the debate is settled agreeably and with common assent; the issue stays classified as well as private, as the placation is certifiably not an open issue, similar to the court prosecutions. However, this strategy is additionally combined with specific detriments remembered for which are, the forces of the gatherings to reject the arrangement given through appeasement, the disappointment of agreeing, and the issue being raised further because of the nonappearance of an appropriate lawful guide for the gatherings (Fiadjoe, 2013). The third most popular strategy for ADR is intervention where the gatherings choose an intercession who makes the endeavors to determine the issue subsequent to hearing each side and by applying diverse exchange procedures. The go between attempts to intercede the issue calmly. Once more, the issue stays secret and private and the gatherings have the command over the intercession result as the go between is somebody who is unprejudiced and reasonable. Once more, in contrast with case, the cos

The Definition of a Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV)

The Definition of a Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV) ULEV is an abbreviation for Ultra Low Emission Vehicle. ULEVs discharge emanations that are 50 percent cleaner than the present normal years models. ULEVs take the LEV, Low Emission Vehicle, standard above and beyond yet dont yet fit the bill for Super-Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV) status. Albeit effectively an idea in vehicle producers wheelhouse, the ascent in prominence of ULEV vehicles came after a decision by the California courts in 2004 that every single new vehicle sold in the state must have in any event a LEV rating. Comparative measures passed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on vehicle outflows guidelines have likewise offered ascend to the ubiquity of eco-accommodating vehicles.â Sources of Low Emissions Because of the EPAs 1990 revisions to the Clean Air Act of 1970, light-obligation vehicle producing started to experience a staged usage of cleaner emanations guidelines. Ordinarily confining the yield of an excessive amount of carbon monoxide, non-methane natural gasses, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, and particulate issue, these guidelines tried to scale down the carbon impression of the vehicle business in the United States. The eliminates of this arrangement moved Tier 1 characterizations from 1994 through 1999 with Tier 2 executed from 2004 to 2009.â As a major aspect of Californias 2004 low-discharges vehicle activity, which gave a lot stricter guidelines to qualifying as a low-emanation vehicle, the levels were additionally stalled into six sub-arrangements: Transitional Low-Emissions Vehicles (TLEV), LEV, ULEV, SULEV, Partial-Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) and Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV). In 2009, President Barack Obama reported another activity to additionally diminish discharges yields for American auto customers. This included extending the arrangements definitions just as normalizing Californias 2004 bill as a governmentally ordered program, expecting makers to deliver a net emanations yield of their vehicles (which means the joined normal of every vehicle discharges rating) that equaledâ more than 35.5 miles per gallon. Normal Examples The quantity of ULEVs out and about has exponentially expanded yearly since 1994, however it wasnt until the 2010s that the market for LEVs truly took off. In any case, many years of experience have shown vehicle makers a certain something: eco sells. To an ever increasing extent, organizations are hurrying to meet prerequisites for their vehicles to qualify as LEVs. Instances of these Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicles have started springing up increasingly more every now and again beginning with 2007s Honda Odyssey minivan, the 2007 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx and the 2007 Hyundai Accent. Costs are normally midrange for these mid-extend low-emanations cars, urging more shoppers to be eco-cognizant with their driving habits.â Luckily, the appearance of such mileage estimating devices as the moment efficiency displayâ also encourages battle fuel burn through by making drivers aware of the ongoing miles per gallon fuel utilization their vehicle requires to work given the drivers treatment of the vehicle. Most vehicles created in the United States currently qualify in any event as LEVs, with outflows no matter how you look at it presently down to short of what one percent of discharges permitted in the U.S. in the 1960s.â Before long, ideally, we will move further away from gas dependent vehicles and rather change to electric or hydro-fueled motors.

To love and to be loved

To love and to be loved Once upon a time .A very poor man lived with his wife. One day, his wife, who had very long hair asked him to buy her a comb for her hair to grow well and to be well-groomed.The man felt very sorry and said no. He explained that he did not even have enough money to fix the strap of his watch he had just broken. She did not insist on her request.The man went to work and passed by a watch shop, sold his damaged watch at a low price and went to buy a comb for his wife.He came home in the evening with the comb in his hand ready to give to his wife.He was surprised when he saw his wife with a very short hair cut. She had sold her hair and was holding a new watch band.Tears flowed simultaneously from their eyes, not for the futility of their actions, but for the reciprocity of their love.Moral of the story: To love is nothing, to be loved is something but to love and to be loved by the one you love, that is everything.Author Unknown Story submitted by Tina

Analysis Of Shakespeare s Sonnet, Let Me Not And The...

Comparisons of Shakespeare s sonnet â€Å"Let Me Not in to the Marriage of True Minds† and Sherran s composition â€Å"Thinking Out Loud† In the poem â€Å"Let Me Not in to the Marriage of True Minds† also known as â€Å"Sonnet 116† Shakespeare uses the theme that love endures; to articulate that in spite of obstacles, true love never expires. First, he defines love as having a decree. For example, over time circumstances and a person can change, but Shakespeare declares that love can not be influenced. After explaining the regulations of love Shakespeare defines love as having no boundaries. For instance, throughout the sonnet he clearly indicates that love cannot move, be measured or die. Much like Shakespeare, Ed Sheeran wrote the song â€Å"Thinking Out Loud† with a similar theme of love s endurance; although, Sheeran marvels over love and how age will affect the circumstances of a persons true feelings. For example, Sherran writes about how age, memory, and looks default over time, and contemplates if he and his lover will still feel the same way about each other after time alters their mind s and bodies. Using the endurance of love as a theme to teach that love is eternal, Shakespeare uses metaphors and personification; however, Sheeran questions love s lasting effects by using personification and hyperbole. Shakespeare uses his theme to inform people of everlasting love with his use of metaphors and personification. For example, in lines 5-7 he states, â€Å"O, no it is an ever fixed mark,

America s National Government And Fundamental Laws Essay

On September 17, 1787, our founding fathers decided to sign their name to a document that would forever be the foundation of a nation unlike any other. A document that would â€Å"establish America s national government and fundamental laws, and guarantee certain basic rights for its citizens†¦[as well as] a plan for a stronger federal government with three branches–executive, legislative and judicial–along with a system of checks and balances to ensure no single branch would have too much power† (History Staff). In order for this government to be established, political parties were founded to help represent the ideals and differing views of all of the citizens. Throughout America’s history, the Democratic and Republican parties have grown to become the two major parties in American government. These parties are important to the electoral system as each party represents the â€Å"embodiment of shared principles, goals, and policy positions among a certain subset of citizens† (Gripp). With the election coming up on November 8th, 2016, the Democratic party has chosen Hillary Clinton as their candidate while the Republican party has selected Donald Trump to represent their views. These two candidates differ greatly on global trends issues such as globalization, immigration, and the influence of Islam and terrorism on the United States. One of the top three most discussed topics in this election is globalization. Globalization is the â€Å"means that prices for commodities tend toShow MoreRelatedProtecting Fundamental Rights Of Citizens888 Words   |  4 PagesProtecting Fundamental Rights of Citizens â€Å"A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege, which if interfered with by another gives rise to an action for injury† (â€Å"Civil Rights†). In his article â€Å"To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War,† Robert J. Kaczorowski discusses the relationship between civil rights and the constitution laws of the 1860s. 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Chemistry Titration Lab Free Essays

Table 1: Data Collection Table – Contains all of the primary data directly obtained from the lab. Indicator | Initial volume of NaOH in burette (ml)  ±0. 05| Final Volume of NaOH in burette (ml)  ±0. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Titration Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now 05| Final – initial Burette Reading (Volume of NaOH used) (ml)  ±0. 1| Qualitative Observations | Phenolphthalein | 0. 00 | 0. 90| 0. 9| At first when the base was being dropped into the vinegar there wasn’t a color change, however when the solutions came close to full titration, the solution would turn pink and once mixed would turn clear again| | 0. 90| 2. 30| 1. 4| | | 2. 30| 3. 20| 0. 9| | | 3. 20| 4. 0| 0. 9| | Bromothymol Blue | 8. 00| 9. 50| 1. 5| Solution turned from yellow to light green | | 9. 50| 11. 10| 1. 6| Solution turned from a bright yellow to bright blue rather than a light green indicating over-titration had occurred| | 11. 10| 12. 90| 1. 8| | | 12. 90| 14. 40| 1. 5| | | 14. 40| 15. 90| 1. 5| | Methyl Orange | 15. 90| 16. 90| 1. 0| Reaction occurred quick, over-titration occurred and solution turned from red to orange | | 16. 90| 17. 20| 0. 3| | | 17. 20| 17. 40| 0. 2| | | 17. 40| 17. 60| 0. 2| | | 17. 60| 17. 80| 0. 2| | Methyl Red | 0. 00| 5. 00| 5. 0| | | 5. 00| 7. 80| 2. | Solution turned from red to a light orange/yellow color| | 7. 80| 10. 70| 2. 9| | | 10. 70| 13. 60| 2. 9| | | 13. 60| 16. 50| 2. 9| | Bromocresol Green| 20. 80| 21. 20| 0. 4| Solution turned from yellow to light green | | 21. 20| 21. 60| 0. 4| | | 21. 60| 22. 00| 0. 4| | Table 2: Data Processing Table displaying the volume of NaOH required to titrate 10ml of vinegar and their corresponding concentration of acetic acid Indicator | Volume of NaOH required to titrate 10mL of Vinegar (ml) ( ±0. 1)| Concentration of Acetic Acid  ±0. 5 (mol/l) | Percent Uncertainty (%)| Percent Error (%) | Phenolphthalein| 0. | 0. 9mol/dm3| 11. 1| 3. 4| Bromothymol Blue | 1. 5 | 1. 5mol/dm3| 6. 7| 72. 0| Methyl Orange| 0. 2| 0. 2mol/dm3| 50. 0| -77. 0| Methyl Red | 2. 9| 2. 9mol/dm3| 3. 5| 233. 0| Bromocresol Green| 0. 4| 0. 4mol/dm3| 25. 0| -54. 0| Sample Calculations: Ex. The calculation of the concentration of acetic acid for phenolphthalein NaOH Volume: 0. 9ml NaOH Co ncentration: 1. 00mol/dm3 1. Convert Volume to Litres 0. 9 = 0. 0009L 1000 1. Calculate the moles of NaOH (n=CV) n= (1. 00mol/dm3) (0. 0009L) = 0. 0009mol 2. Calculate the concentration of the diluted acetic acid. Because acetic acid and sodium hydroxide have a 1:1 ratio, they have the same number of moles. C = 0. 0009mol = 0. 09 0. 01L 3. Calculate the initial concentration of acetic acid pre-dilution C1V1 = C2V2 C1(0. 01L) = (0. 09mol/L)(0. 1) Concentration of Acetic Acid = 0. 9mol/L Sample Calculations Continued 4. Calculating percent uncertainty = absolute uncertainty x 100 Measurement 1 Example: Calculating the percent uncertainty for the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is used = 0. 1 x 100 2. 9 1 = 3. 5% Therefore, the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is used as the indicator is 2. 9ml  ± 3. % 5. Uncertainty propagation for the volume of NaOH required for each indicator (0. 9  ± 0. 1) + (1. 5  ± 0. 1) + (0. 2  ± 0. 1) + (2. 9  ± 0. 1) + (0. 4  ± 0. 1) = 5. 9ml  ± 0. 5 6. Calculating percent error Percent error = Actual – accepted x 100 accepted Example: Calculating percent error for phenolphthalein Percent error = 0. 9 – 0. 87 x 100 0. 87 = 3. 4 % Methyl Red Methyl Red Bromothymol Blue Bromothymol Blue Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Green Methyl Orange Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Graph 1: Titration curve representing the effect of the volume of NaOH on the pH of the titration solution at end point Conclusion This lab tested the effect of the use of different indicators on the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of the titration with acetic acid in vinegar. The equation for this reaction is: CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) The As one can see from graph 1 the results of this lab demonstrated that the indicators that required different volumes of sodium hydroxide to reach end point from least amount of volume required to most was with the use of; methyl orange, bromocresol green, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue and lastly methyl red. Therefore, the highest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl red, and the smallest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl orange. Different indicators were tested as if the indicator is chosen well, then the endpoint will represent the equivalence point of the titration reaction; the point when the volume of titrant is equal to the amount of analyte (the acetic acid in the vinegar). An important factor to consider is hat indicators don’t change color at a specific pH. However, they do change color over a narrow range of pH values. Because vinegar has a pH of around 2. 4 the equilibrium was firmly to the left before the sodium hydroxide was added. Adding the sodium hydroxide will begin to shift the equilibrium to the right. As more and more base was added, for example with phenolphthalein, the pink eventually became so dominant that it could no longer be turned clear by swirling the beaker. If the light pink was achieved, then end point was perfectly reached and if the solution became bright pink then over-titration occurred. Although the majority of this lab occurred according to plan, there were a few minor anomalous results that occurred. For instance, the amount of NaOH used in the titration when the methyl red indicator was used was 2. 9ml. However, for one of these tests when using methyl red, the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of the reaction was 5. 0ml. This was a clear anomalous result as it was very different from the consistent 2. 9ml of NaOH from the other trials. This anomalous result can be explained due to several systematic and/or random that will be discussed further on with their potential improvements. There were no error bars included in this lab. This is due to the fact that they would be non-existent as each titration was repeated until the exact same volume of NaOH was required to reach the end point for each different indicator at least 3 times. Figure 1: Representation of the various indicators used throughout the conduction of this lab and their pH levels. It also demonstrates their colors in acids and colors in bases as well as the color when end point is reached. This lab evidently demonstrated that phenolphthalein would be the best indicator to use. The justification for this is that every indicator has their own individual range of pH for the end points. When the end point occurs, it means there is slightly excess base. For phenolphthalein, the end point would be when the color of the solution changed into a very light pink color. As one can see from figure 2 the indicator phenolphthalein only changes color in basic solutions. This is a reason why it would be considered the best indicator for this experiment. This is because the end point for this experiment ranges in between a pH of 8. 2 and 10. , which as one can see is very similar to the pH ranges of phenolphthalein. This would cause the phenolphthalein to give the most accurate reading of the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of its reaction with acetic acid. The reason the other indicators may not give the most accurate readings can be seen from the diagram below: Graph 2: This graph represents a simple visual of the effect of different indicators on the volu me of base required to reach end point with an acid. The green block above represents the phenolphthalein in this lab as it has its pH ranges on the break of the curve. This means that the color change will be accurate in terms of changing color at the break point of the reaction Evaluation There are a variety of ways this lab could be furthered. This lab was done using a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (acetic acid). A way that this lab could be furthered would be to do the exact same lab using a weak base and a strong acid such as NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide which is a weak base) the same weak acid (acetic acid). This would skew the results in that a much higher volume of base would be required to reach end point with the acid. This is because it would be much more difficult to shift equilibrium o the right. For example, the phenolphthalein indicator only turns the solution pink in basic solutions. Because a weak base is what will be used, it would take much more base in order to reach end point of the reaction. There were a few errors that could have been improved throughout the conduction of this lab. One of the major errors occurred prior to t he actual titration itself. This error occurred when the sodium hydroxide solution was being created. When the sodium hydroxide was being created, 1g of solid sodium hydroxide pellets had to be weighed using an electronic balance and then put in a volumetric flask. After this water was added to the sodium hydroxide pellets and diluted to the 150ml mark. The pellets were left in a dish in the open while we were getting other materials set up. This was definitely an error as the sodium hydroxide pellets absorb moisture from the air. This means that the sodium hydroxide was actually becoming heavier than 1g as it began absorbing his moisture. This affected results as there was a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide in the water than recorded. This could have affected the results in that less sodium hydroxide would have been required to reach the end point of the reaction. This would be considered a systematic error as the slightly increased mass of the NaOH would have been used for every trial as the same source of NaOH was used throughout. An improvement to this error would be to not put the sodium hydroxide pellets into the volumetric flask until the very last second. Also, the sodium hydroxide was put into the volumetric flask and then the water was added, however adding the water first could minimize the time that the solid sodium hydroxide is left in the air. This step in the procedure could also be improved if it were possible to purchase this solid sodium hydroxide already measured out in grams so that they would only be in the open for a matter of seconds as they were being transferred into the volumetric flask. A systematic error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was over-titration. Over titration is when too much of the base is added to the solution and the reaction passes end point. For example, the color that one would attempt to achieve when perfectly titrating using phenolphthalein is a light pink color. However, for all of our trials the solution turned a bright fuchsia color when using phenolphthalein implying it had over-titrated. This error could definitely have been improved. The improvement for this error would be to use a burette with a smaller opening. This would allow decreased room for the error of over-titration. This is because one would have more control over the volume of base released by the burette allowing for more control. Another systematic error that occurred repeatedly throughout the conduction of this lab was that the temperature of the room did not stay constant. Therefore, the temperature of the solutions including the indicators was not constant. Temperature changes could have occurred in the lab without being noted. This is a problem as it slightly changes the color change pH range of indicators. As one can see below, these are the effects on various common indicators’ color change ranges with an increase in temperature: Table 3: Table representing common indicators and the effect of changing temperature drastically on the color change range. Although the temperature would not have fluctuated drastically in the classroom there were still potential fluctuations that were not accounted for. This would have caused the end point to appear to be occurring at different times than expected for that indicator. The way this error could be improved would be to conduct the lab in an area where the temperature is closely and easily monitored. Conducting this lab in a classroom with the door frequently opening and shutting let in a draft therefore this lab should be conducted in an area with no interruptions that may effect temperature. Also, temperature can be monitored so that it can be at least accounted for in one’s results and the changes in temperature can be used as an explanation for the behaviour of the indicators in each test. Another section of the procedure of this lab that requires improvement relates to the indicators used. The indicators used throughout the process of this lab had pH ranges of around 2-3 increments. For example, phenolphthalein changes color over a pH range of around 8-10. This means that one would not be able to tell exactly what pH the final solution was when it reached end point from the indicator. This could be improved if indicators were produced that did not have a range of pH values in which they change color but one specific pH range where it changes the color of the solution. This would improve the lab as it would allow scientists to know exactly at which pH the end point of the reaction was reached exactly when it happens. For example, this specific experiment is supposed to reach end point between pH values 8-10, however having an indicator that changes color at pH 8, one that changes color at pH 9 and one at 10 would allow for a more accurate result. An additional random error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was that rarely a drop of NaOH wouldn’t come out of the burette completely straight and would end up getting stuck to the side of the beaker. This would have caused the volume of NaOH required to reach end point of the reaction to appear greater than it actually was. This is because NaOH was leaving the burette but not going into the beaker containing the vinegar and indicator. Although one cannot control the behaviour of the burette with the NaOH other than potentially using a burette with a thinner opening allowing for less room for the NaOH to fall from obscure angles, one can control beaker size. By increasing the size of the beaker containing the vinegar and the indicator, one is able to reduce the likelihood of the NaOH not going directly into that beaker. This would mean that there wouldn’t be as much NaOH lost from the burette that isn’t accounted for. Often in the real world, titration experiments are performed regularly. This is because titration is a process of determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown solution, in which a known reagent is added to that unknown solution in order to produce a known reaction such as a color change. A real world example of this is biodiesel production. Acid-base titrations are used in the production of biodiesel in order to determine the acidity of waste vegetable oil (one of the main ingredients in biodiesel production). pH paper is used to test a small sample in order to represent the pH of the entire batch. This allows one to determine how much base is required to achieve the desired pH. Bibliography Websites: â€Å"Chemical Analysis by Acid-Base Titration. †Ã‚  AcidBaseTitration. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http://chem. lapeer. org/Chem2Docs/AcidBaseTitration. html. â€Å"ChemTeacher.   ChemTeacher. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http://chemteacher. chemeddl. org/services/chemteacher/index. php? option =com_content. â€Å"Sample Lab Report. †Ã‚  Sample Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http://www. chem. purdue. edu/courses/chm115/Laboratory/Records___Reports/Sample_Lab_Report/sample_lab_report. html. â€Å"Titration Lab Report. †Ã‚   Titration Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. http://www. slideshare. net/AuburnFeather/cfakepathtitration-of-7. Books: Textbook: Talbot, Chris. Chemistry for the IB Diploma. London: Hodder Murray, 2009. Print. How to cite Chemistry Titration Lab, Essay examples

Goals of Higher Education free essay sample

Living in the modern world, one cannot but face with a neÃ' essity of getting higher education. Thus, if you want to be a respected part of society, you are to have a degree. However there are a lot of people who tend to think that this kind of studies is not for them as school education is quite enough. Well, what are the goals of higher education? And do people really need it? To give some facts I’d like to mention that due to the statistics, our country stands at the first place in the world in the number of people who have higher education with 54 % people graduated from the university. It’s very impressive though. So, what were the aims of all these people? Definitely, everybody is looking for the advantages one can take of it. And frankly speaking there are plenty of them. In my opinion, one of the most important goals of higher education is providing society with highly qualified manpower in order to strengthen particular sector of domestic and world economy as well as other spheres of social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Goals of Higher Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hence graduates have more chances to get a well-paid job and higher position in the field he or she interested in. Secondly, being educated in a certain realm gives you an opportunity to become an expert in a wide range of problems. Consequently, another goal of higher education is cultural enlightment. What is more, university or college really matters when we are talking about self-determination. Thus, it helps one to gain independence by realizing what he or she is good at. Sometimes school leavers enter higher education institution without knowing whether they really want to study this or that. However, with every passing year there, their desires become specified and they discover more and more opportunities to become useful for their local as well as world communities. Once I realized that higher education is vital for me, there was a problem what university to enter. However the number of universities offering studies in the field of international affairs in our country is quite limited and I had to choose between two cities, Volgograd where I was born and Samara that was quite near to my place. Finally, I made up my mind to study in Samara State University and I’ve never regretted it yet. It is a classical multi-faculty university and a leading educational institution of higher education in the region. What is more important for me, it offers a great platform for students who are interested in carrying an individual research. Highly qualified scientific advisors are ready to help us and provide with essential literature whenever we need it. Moreover the conferences held in our university give the youth opportunity to be heard and noticed as a lot of experts visit them. All things considered, we can notice that all the goals of higher education are to improve the quality of life in this or that way. Although, a lot of people are aware of all these advantages they prefer to limit themselves with school education. The point is that we shouldn’t forget that improvement of the quality of our life is about everybody. Therefore, it’s obvious that the more people have higher education, the better life we have. And the only choice you should make is what university to enter but in no case to keep studying after school or not. That’s out of question.